ironjustice
2011-01-02 17:57:51 UTC
"Iron promoted a significant increase in AChE activity"
Iron exposure modifies acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
tissues: distinct susceptibility of tissues to iron overload
Biomedical and Life Sciences Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
M. C. B. Sant’Anna, Vanessa de Matas Soares, Kelly Juliana Seibt,
Gabriele Ghisleni,
Eduardo Pacheco Rico, Denis Broock Rosemberg, Jarbas Rodrigues de
Oliveira, Nadja Schröder,
Carla Denise Bonan and Mauricio Reis Bogo
Abstract
Iron is one the most abundant metals on the earth being essential for
living organisms
even though its free form can be toxic.
The overload of this metal may be related with some disorders, like
Alzheimer and Parkinson
diseases, and hemochromatosis in the liver.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of iron on
acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) activity in brain and liver of zebrafish and to investigate the
possible correlation
with the iron content in these tissues.
Different corresponding concentrations of iron were tested using in
vitro (0.018, 0.268, and 2.6 mM)
and in vivo (1, 15, and 150 mg/l) assays.
The in vitro studies showed that iron promoted a significant increase
in AChE activity in brain (52%)
and liver (53%) at the higher concentration (2.6 mM).
In the in vivo assays, a significant increase in this enzyme activity
was observed in the presence of
15 mg/l in both, brain (62%) and liver tissue (70%).
Semiquantitative RT-PCR did not reveal significant changes in
acetylthiocholinesterase mRNA levels.
Moreover, we observed that iron content was significantly increased in
liver tissue when exposed to
15 (226%) and 150 mg/l (200%).
These results indicate that iron can promote significant alterations
in AChE activity which probably
is not directly related to the iron content in zebrafish tissues.
Keywords Iron toxicity – Acetylcholinesterase activity – Zebrafish
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9459-7 Online First™
----
"AChEI increase the concentration of extracellular acetylcholine"
Anti-inflammatory properties of cholinergic up-regulation: A new role
for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Nizri E, Hamra-Amitay Y, Sicsic C, Lavon I, Brenner T.
Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, The Agnes
Ginges
Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical
Center, P.O. Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors (AChEI) at the cellular and molecular levels.
AChEI suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory
cytokine production, as well as extracellular esterase activity.
Anti-inflammatory activity was mediated by the alpha7 nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor (neuronal); the muscarinic receptor had the
opposite effect.
Treatment of the central nervous system (CNS)inflammatory disease,
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),with EN101, an
anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotide, targeted to AChE mRNA,
reduced the clinical severity of the disease and CNS inflammation
intensity.
The results of our experiments suggest that AChEI increase
the concentration of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh), rendering it
available for interaction with a nicotinic receptor expressed on
lymphocytes.
Our findings point to a novel role for AChEI which may be
relevant in CNS inflammatory diseases such as EAE and multiple
sclerosis.
They also emphasize the importance of cholinergic balance in
neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and
myasthenia gravis, in which these drugs are used.
PMID: 16336980
-----------
"Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis"
Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.
Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9.
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH.
Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline,
brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations.
In man consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and
cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of
treating
tardive dyskinesia.
We found that oral lecithin is considerably more effective in raising
human serum-choline levels than an equivalent quantity of choline
chloride.
30 minutes after ingestion of choline chloride (2-3 g free base),
serum-choline levels rose by 86% and returned to normal values
within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin ingestion, these levels rose by
265% and remained significantly raised for 12 hours.
Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for accelerating
acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability of choline,
its precursor in the blood.
PMID: 69151 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
-------------------------
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Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
Iron exposure modifies acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
tissues: distinct susceptibility of tissues to iron overload
Biomedical and Life Sciences Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
M. C. B. Sant’Anna, Vanessa de Matas Soares, Kelly Juliana Seibt,
Gabriele Ghisleni,
Eduardo Pacheco Rico, Denis Broock Rosemberg, Jarbas Rodrigues de
Oliveira, Nadja Schröder,
Carla Denise Bonan and Mauricio Reis Bogo
Abstract
Iron is one the most abundant metals on the earth being essential for
living organisms
even though its free form can be toxic.
The overload of this metal may be related with some disorders, like
Alzheimer and Parkinson
diseases, and hemochromatosis in the liver.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of iron on
acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) activity in brain and liver of zebrafish and to investigate the
possible correlation
with the iron content in these tissues.
Different corresponding concentrations of iron were tested using in
vitro (0.018, 0.268, and 2.6 mM)
and in vivo (1, 15, and 150 mg/l) assays.
The in vitro studies showed that iron promoted a significant increase
in AChE activity in brain (52%)
and liver (53%) at the higher concentration (2.6 mM).
In the in vivo assays, a significant increase in this enzyme activity
was observed in the presence of
15 mg/l in both, brain (62%) and liver tissue (70%).
Semiquantitative RT-PCR did not reveal significant changes in
acetylthiocholinesterase mRNA levels.
Moreover, we observed that iron content was significantly increased in
liver tissue when exposed to
15 (226%) and 150 mg/l (200%).
These results indicate that iron can promote significant alterations
in AChE activity which probably
is not directly related to the iron content in zebrafish tissues.
Keywords Iron toxicity – Acetylcholinesterase activity – Zebrafish
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9459-7 Online First™
----
"AChEI increase the concentration of extracellular acetylcholine"
Anti-inflammatory properties of cholinergic up-regulation: A new role
for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Nizri E, Hamra-Amitay Y, Sicsic C, Lavon I, Brenner T.
Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, The Agnes
Ginges
Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical
Center, P.O. Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors (AChEI) at the cellular and molecular levels.
AChEI suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory
cytokine production, as well as extracellular esterase activity.
Anti-inflammatory activity was mediated by the alpha7 nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor (neuronal); the muscarinic receptor had the
opposite effect.
Treatment of the central nervous system (CNS)inflammatory disease,
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),with EN101, an
anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotide, targeted to AChE mRNA,
reduced the clinical severity of the disease and CNS inflammation
intensity.
The results of our experiments suggest that AChEI increase
the concentration of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh), rendering it
available for interaction with a nicotinic receptor expressed on
lymphocytes.
Our findings point to a novel role for AChEI which may be
relevant in CNS inflammatory diseases such as EAE and multiple
sclerosis.
They also emphasize the importance of cholinergic balance in
neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and
myasthenia gravis, in which these drugs are used.
PMID: 16336980
-----------
"Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for
accelerating acetylcholine synthesis"
Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.
Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9.
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH.
Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline,
brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations.
In man consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and
cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of
treating
tardive dyskinesia.
We found that oral lecithin is considerably more effective in raising
human serum-choline levels than an equivalent quantity of choline
chloride.
30 minutes after ingestion of choline chloride (2-3 g free base),
serum-choline levels rose by 86% and returned to normal values
within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin ingestion, these levels rose by
265% and remained significantly raised for 12 hours.
Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for accelerating
acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability of choline,
its precursor in the blood.
PMID: 69151 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
-------------------------
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk